Sumerian is a term used to describe a person or object from ancient Sumer; an area in and surrounding the deltas of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers unified during the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE.

The Sumerian language was written in cuneiform on tablets of dried mud and manure. The organic material in the manure has proved a boon, as it allows us to carbon date Sumerian cuneiform tablets. Sumerian is known for its unique syntactic features, which include an object-object-verb-subject word order and the use of the morpheme p before inanimate nouns and non-gendered substantives. It also has a tendency to employ left dislocations, in much the same way that some American Indian languages do.

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