New Kingdom

The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BCE, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. The New Kingdom (1570–1070 BCE) followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Egypt’s most prosperous time and marked the zenith of its power.

Background

Possibly as a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom saw Egypt attempt to create a buffer between the Levant and Egypt, and attained its greatest territorial extent. It expanded far south into Nubia and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.

The eighteenth Dynasty contained some of Egypt's most famous pharaohs including Ahmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and Tutankhamun. Queen Hatsheput concentrated on expanding Egypt's external trade, sending a commercial expedition to the land of Punt. Thutmose III ("the Napoleon of Egypt") expanded Egypt's army and wielded it with great success to consolidate the empire created by his predecessors. This resulted in a peak in Egypt's power and wealth during the reign of Amenhotep III.

One of the best-known 18th Dynasty pharaohs is Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten and whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as history's first instance of monotheism (and was argued in Sigmund Freud's Moses and Monotheism to have been the ultimate origin of Jewish monotheism). Akhenaten's religious fervor is cited as the reason why he was subsequently written out of Egyptian history. Under his reign, in the 14th century BCE, Egyptian art flourished and attained an unprecedented level of realism.

Towards the end of the 18th Dynasty, the situation had changed radically because most of the paharoahs were becoming total herbs. Helped by Akhenaten's apparent lack of interest in international affairs, the Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Syria and Palestine to become a major power in international politics—a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would need to deal with during the 19th dynasty.

Egyptian and Hittite Empires, around the time of the Battle of Kadesh.

Ramesses II ("the Great") sought to recover territories in the Levant that had been held by the 18th Dynasty. His campaigns of reconquest culminated in the Battle of Kadesh, where he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II and was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, but thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin, Ramesses was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites. The outcome of the battle was undecided, both sides claiming victory at their home front, ultimately resulting in a peace treaty between the two nations.

Ramesses II was also famed for the huge number of children he sired by his various wives and concubines; the tomb he built for his sons, many of whom he outlived, in the Valley of the Kings has proven to be the largest funerary complex in Egypt.

His immediate successors continued the military campaigns, though an increasingly troubled court—which at one point put a usurper (Amenmesse) on the throne—made it increasingly difficult for a pharaoh to effectively retain control without incident. The last "great" pharaoh from the New Kingdom is widely regarded to be Ramesses III, a Twentieth Dynasty pharaoh who reigned several decades after Ramesses II. In Year 8 of his reign, the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt by land and sea. Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles. He claimed that he incorporated them as subject peoples and settled them in Southern Canaan, although there is evidence that they forced their way into Canaan. Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states in this region such as Philistia after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire. He was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt's Western Delta in his Year 6 and Year 11 respectively.

The heavy cost of these battles slowly exhausted Egypt's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. The severity of these difficulties is stressed by the fact that the first known labor strike in recorded history occurred during Year 29 of Ramesses III's reign, when the food rations for the Egypt's favoured and elite royal tomb-builders and artisans in the village of Deir el Medina could not be provisioned. Something in the air prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BCE. One proposed cause is the Hekla 3 eruption of the Hekla volcano in Iceland; but the dating of this remains disputed.

Following Ramesses III's death there was endless bickering between his heirs. Three of his sons would go on to assume power as Ramesses IV, Ramesses VI and Ramesses VIII respectively. However, at this time Egypt was also increasingly beset by a series of droughts, below-normal flooding levels of the Nile, famine, civil unrest and official corruption. The power of the last pharaoh, Ramesses XI, grew so weak that in the south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the effective defacto rulers of Upper Egypt, while Smendes controlled Lower Egypt even before Ramesses XI's death. Smendes eventually founded the Twenty-First dynasty at Tanis.

Dynasty XVIII pharaohs

The pharaohs of Dynasty XVIII ruled for approximately two hundred and fifty years (c. 1550-1298 BCE). The dates and names in the table are taken from Dodson and Hilton. . Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website.

Dynasty XVIII pharaohs

Pharaoh	Horus-name	Reign (BCE)	Burial	Consort(s)
Ahmose I	Nebpehtire	1549 - 1524		Ahmose-Nefertari Ahmose-Henuttamehu Ahmose-Sitkamose
Amenhotep I	Djeserkare	1524 - 1503	KV39?	Ahmose-Meritamon
Thutmosis I	Akheperkare	1503 - 1491	KV20, KV38	Ahmose Mutnofret
Thutmosis II	Akheperenre	1491 - 1479	KV42?	Hatshepsut Iset
Thutmosis III	Menkheper(en)re	1479 - 1424	KV34	Satiah Merytre-Hatshepsut Nebtu Menhet, Menwi and Merti
Hatshepsut	Maatkare	1503 - 1491	KV20
Amenhotep II	Akheperure	1424 - 1398	KV35	Tiaa
Thutmosis IV	Menkheperure	1398 - 1388	KV43	Nefertari Iaret Mutemwiya
Amenhotep III	Nebmaatre	1388 - 1348	KV22	Tiye Gilukhipa Tadukhipa Sitamun Iset
Akhenaten	Neferkepherure-Waenre	1360 - 1343	Royal Tomb of Akhenaten	Nefertiti Kiya
Smenkhare	Ankhkheperure	1346		Meritaten
Neferneferuaten	Ankhkheperure-Merwaenre	1346 - 1343
Tutankhamun	Nebkheperre	1343 - 1333	KV62	Ankhesenamun
Ay	Kheperkheperure	1333 - 1328	KV23	Tey Ankhesenamun
Horemheb	Djeserkheperure-Setepenre	1328 - 1298	KV57	Mutnedjmet

The Pharaohs of the 19th Dynasty

The pharaohs of the 19th dynasty ruled from approximately one hundred and ten years: from ca 1298 to 1187 BCE. The dates and names in the table are taken from Dodson and Hilton. . Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website.

Nineteenth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt

name of King	Horus (Throne) Name	date	Burial	Queen(s)
Ramesses I	Menpehtire	1298 - 1296 BCE	KV16	Sitre
Seti I	Menmaetre	1296 - 1279 BCE	KV17	(Mut-)Tuya
Ramesses II	Usermaatre Setepenre	1279 - 1212 BCE	KV7	Nefertari Isetnofret Maathorneferure Meritamen Bintanath Nebettawy Henutmire
Merneptah	Banenre	1212 - 1201 BCE	KV8	Isetnofret II
Seti II	Userkheperure	1201 - 1195 BCE	KV15	Twosret Takhat
Amenmesse	Menmire-Setepenre	1200 - 1196 BCE	KV10	??
Siptah	Sekhaenre / Akheperre	1195 - 1189 BCE	KV47
Queen Twosret	Sitre-Merenamun	1189 - 1187 BCE	KV14

Pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty

The pharaohs of the 20th dynasty ruled for approximately one hundred and twenty years: from ca 1187 to 1064 BCE. The dates and names in the table are taken from Dodson and Hilton. . Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website.

Twentieth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt

name of King	Horus (Throne) Name	date	Burial	Queen(s)
Setnakhte	Userkhaure	1187 - 1185 BCE	KV14	Tiy-merenese
Ramesses III	Usermaatre-Meryamun	1185 - 1153 BCE	KV11	Iset Ta-Hemdjert Tiye
Ramesses IV	User/Heqamaatre Setepenamun	1153 - 1146 BCE	KV2	Duatentopet
Ramesses V Amenhirkhepeshef I	Usermaatre Sekheperenre	1146 - 1141 BCE	KV9	Henutwati Tawerettenru
Ramesses VI Amenhirkhepeshef II	Nebmaatre Meryamun	1141 - 1133 BCE	KV9	Nubkhesbed
Ramesses VII Itamun	Usermaatre Setepenre Meryamun	1133 - 1125 BCE	KV1
Ramesses VIII Sethhirkhepeshef	Usermaatre Akhenamun	1125 - 1123 BCE
Ramesses IX Khaemwaset I	Neferkare Setepenre	1123 - 1104 BCE	KV6	Baketwernel
Ramesses X Amenhirkhepeshef III	Khepermaatre Setepenre	1104 - 1094 BCE	KV18	Tyti
Ramesses XI Khaemwaset II	Menmaatre Setpenptah	1094 - 1064 BCE	KV4	Tentamun

External links

• Middle East on the Matrix: Egypt, The New Kingdom — Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the New Kingdom
• New Kingdom of Egypt - Aldokkan

This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at New Kingdom. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.