The Garden of the Hesperides, 19th century painting by Edward Burne-Jones.
In Greek mythology, the Hesperides (Greek: Ἑσπερίδες} are nymphs who tend a blissful garden in a far western corner of the world, located near the Atlas mountains in North Africa at the edge of the encircling Oceanus, the world-ocean.[1]
According to the Sicilian Greek poet Stesichorus, in his poem the "Song of Geryon", and the Greek geographer Strabo, in his book Geographika (volume III), the Hesperides are in Tartessos, a location placed in the south of the Iberian peninsula.
By Roman times, the garden of the Hesperides had lost its archaic place in religion and had dwindled to a poetic convention, in which form it was revived in Renaissance poetry, to refer both to the garden and to the nymphs that dwelt there.
The Nymphs of the Evening
Ordinarily the Hesperides number three, like the other Greek triads (the Three Graces and the Moirai). "Since the Hesperides themselves are mere symbols of the gifts the apples embody, they cannot be actors in a human drama. Their abstract, interchangeable names are a symptom of their impersonality," Evelyn Harrison has observed.[2]
This circular Pyxis or box depicts two scenes. The one shown presents the Olympian gods feasting around a tripod table holding the golden Apple of the Hesperides.[3] The Walters Art Museum.
They are listed as the daughters of Atlas, or of Zeus, and either Hesperius or Themis, or Phorcys and Ceto. They are sometimes portrayed as the evening daughters of Night (Nyx) either alone,[4] or with Darkness (Erebus),[5] in accord with the way Eos in the farthermost east, in Colchis, is the daughter of the titan Hyperion. Nevertheless, among the names given to them, though never all at once, there were either three, four, or seven Hesperides.
Petrus Apianus attributed to these stars a mythical connection of their own.
He believed that they were the seven Hesperides, nymph daughters of the Atlas.
Their names were: Aigle, Hespereia, Arethusa, Hesperusa, Erythea, Hespera and Hestia.[6]
Fulgentius gives four Hesperides, named: Aigle, Hesperie, Arethusa and Me-dusa.[7][8]
Pseudo-Apollodorus gives the number of the Hesperides as four, named: Aigle, Hesperia (or Hesperie), Are-thusa and Erytheia.[9]
Hyginus in his preface to the Fabulae names them as Aigle, Hesperie and Aerica.[10][11]
In another source, they are named Ægle, Arethusa and Hesperethusa, the three daughters of Hesperus.[12][13]
Hesiod gives the number of the "clear-voiced Hesperides"[14] as three, and their names as: Aigle (or Aegle, "dazzling light"), ox-eyed Hesperethusa ("sunset glow", alternatively Hesperathusa, Hesperarethusa) and Erytheia (or Erytheis).[15]
Apollonius of Rhodes gives their names as Aigle , Erytheis and Hespere (or Hespera).[16]
An ancient vase painting attests the following names as four: Asterope, Chrysothemis, Hygieia and Lipara.
Another ancient vase painting give the seven names as Aiopis, Antheia, Donakis, Kalypso, Mermesa, Nelisa and Tara.[17]
In the far west of the world. Hesperides scene of the apotheosis of Heracles (romanised to Hercules) on a late fifth-century hydria by the Meidias Painter in London[18] They are sometimes called the Western Maidens, the Daughters of Evening or Erythrai, and the "Sunset Goddesses", designations all apparently tied to their imagined location in the distant west. Hesperis is appropriately the personification of the evening (as Eos is of the dawn) and the Evening Star is Hesperus. In addition to their tending of the garden, they were said to have taken great pleasure in singing.
Erytheia ("the red one") is one of the Hesperides. The name was applied to an island close to the coast of southern Hispania, which was the site of the original Punic colony of Gades (modern Cadiz). Pliny's Natural History (VI.36) records of the island of Gades: "On the side which looks towards Spain, at about 100 paces distance, is another long island, three miles wide, on which the original city of Gades stood. By Ephorus and Philistides it is called Erythia, by Timæus and Silenus Aphrodisias, and by the natives the Isle of Juno." The island was the seat of Geryon, who was overcome by Heracles.
The Garden of the Hesperides
The Garden of the Hesperides is Hera's orchard in the west, where either a single tree or a grove of immortality-giving golden apples grew. The apples were planted from the fruited branches that Gaia gave to her as a wedding gift when Hera accepted Zeus. The Hesperides were given the task of tending to the grove, but occasionally plucked from it themselves. Not trusting them, Hera also placed in the garden a never-sleeping, hundred-headed dragon named Ladon as an additional safeguard.
The Eleventh Labour of Heracles
After Heracles completed his first ten Labours, Eurystheus gave him two more claiming that neither the Lernaean Hydra counted (because Iolaus helped Heracles) nor the Augean stables (either because he received payment for the job or because the rivers did the work). The first of these two additional Labours was to steal the apples from the garden of the Hesperides. Heracles first caught the Old Man of the Sea,[19] the shape-shifting sea god, to learn where the Garden of the Hesperides was located.[20]
In some variations, Heracles, either at the start or at the end of his task, meets Antaeus, who was invincible as long as he touched his mother, Gaia, the earth. Heracles killed Antaeus by holding him aloft and crushing him in a bearhug.[21]
Herodotus claims that Heracles stopped in Egypt, where King Busiris decided to make him the yearly sacrifice, but Heracles burst out of his chains.
Finally making his way to the Garden of the Hesperides, Heracles tricked Atlas into retrieving some of the golden apples for him, by offering to hold up the heavens for a little while (Atlas was able to take them as, in this version, he was the father or otherwise related to the Hesperides). This would have made this task - like the Hydra and Augean stables - void because he had received help. Upon his return, Atlas decided that he did not want to take the heavens back, and instead offered to deliver the apples himself, but Heracles tricked him again by agreeing to take his place on condition that Atlas relieve him temporarily so that Heracles could make his cloak more comfortable. Atlas agreed, but Heracles reneged and walked away, carrying the apples. According to an alternative version, Heracles slew Ladon instead.
There is another variation to the story where Heracles was the only person to steal the apples, other than Perseus, although Athena later returned the apples to their rightful place in the garden. They are considered by some to be the same "apples of joy" that tempted Atalanta, as opposed to the "apple of discord" used by Eris to start a beauty contest on Olympus (which caused "The Siege of Troy").
On Attic pottery, especially from the late fifth century, Heracles is depicted sitting in bliss in the Gardens of the Hesperides, attended by the maidens.
The Hesperides in the Renaissance
With the revival of classical allusions in the Renaissance, the Hesperides returned to their prominent position, and the garden itself took on the name of its nymphs: Robert Greene wrote of "The fearful Dragon... that watched the garden called Hesperides".[22] Shakespeare inserted the comically insistent rhyme "is not Love a Hercules, Still climbing trees in the Hesperides" in Love's Labours Lost (iv.iii) and John Milton mentioned the "ladies of the Hesperides" in Paradise Regained (ii.357).
Notes
- ↑ A confusion of the Garden of the Hesperides with an equally idyllic Arcadia is a modern one, conflating Sir Philip Sidney's Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia and Robert Herrick's Hesperides: both are viewed by Renaissance poets as oases of bliss, but they were not connected by the Greeks. The development of Arcadia as an imagined setting for pastoral is the contribution of Theocritus to Hellenistic culture: see Arcadia (utopia).
- ↑ Evelyn B. Harrison, "Hesperides and Heroes: A Note on the Three-Figure Reliefs", Hesperia 33.1 (January 1964 pp. 76–82) pp 79–80.
- ↑ "Circular Pyxis". The Walters Art Museum. http://art.thewalters.org/detail/28991.
- ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 215
- ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae Preface; Cicero De Natura Deorum 3.44
- ↑ Michael Grant, John Hazel (2002). Who's who in Classical Mythology, p. 268 [1]
- ↑ Fulgentius, Expositio Virgilianae continentiae secundum philosophos moralis
- ↑ Ersch, Johann Samuel (1830). Allgemeine encyclopädie der wissenschaften und künste in alphabetischer folge von genannten schrifts bearbeitet und herausgegeben von J. S. Ersch und J. G. Gruber. p. 148 [2]
- ↑ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.5.11
- ↑ Wilhelm Friedrich Rinck (1853). Die Religion der Hellenen: aus den Mythen, den Lehren der Philosophen und dem Kultus. p. 352 [3]
- ↑ Juli Higí (2011). Faules (Vol. I). p. 87 [4]
- ↑ Peter Parley (1839). Tales about the mythology of Greece and Rome, p. 356
- ↑ Charles N. Baldwin, Henry Howland Crapo (1825). A Universal Biographical Dictionary, P. 414
- ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 275
- ↑ Servius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid 4. 484
- ↑ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4.1396–1449
- ↑ Henry Beauchamp Walters (1905). History of Ancient Pottery: Greek, Etruscan, and Roman: Based on the Work of Samuel Birch, Volume 2, p. 92 [5]
- ↑ Illustrated in Harrison 1964:plate 13. Beyond the group sits Hygeia, perhaps giving rise to a mistaken impression that there might be four Hesperides. Sometimes two of the three are represented with Heracles when the symmetry of a composition requires it, as in the so-called "Three-Figure Reliefs". A good survey of the Hesperides' representations on fourth-century vases is Dieter Metzler, Les representations dans la céramique attique du IVe siècle (1951) pp 204–10.
- ↑ Kerenyi, The Heroes of the Greeks, 1959, p.172, identifies him in this context as Nereus; as a shape-shifter he is often identified as Proteus.
- ↑ In some versions of the tale, Heracles was directed to ask Prometheus. As payment, he freed Prometheus from his daily torture. This tale is more usually found in the position of the Erymanthian Boar, since it is associated with Chiron choosing to forgo immortality and taking Prometheus' place.
- ↑ Apollodorus ii. 5; Hyginus, Fab. 31
- ↑ Greene, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay (published 1594)
References
- Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, ISBN 9780631201021. "Hesperides" p. 213
- Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Hespe'rides"
External links
- The Theoi Project, "THE HESPERIDES"
- 'The Garden of the Hesperides' in the Lady Lever Art Gallery
- JC Loudon on the Gardens of Hesperides (1835)
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This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Hesperides. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. |