Template:Allah
The names of God in Islam (or the 99 names of Allah; Arabic: Template:Large ʾasmāʾ allāh al-ḥusnā) are the names by which Muslims regard God. Among other places, they are described in the Quran and Sunnah.[1][2] There is, according to hadith, a special group of 99 names, but no enumeration of them. Thus the exact list is not agreed upon, and the names of God (as adjectives, word constructs, or otherwise) exceed a total of 99 in the Quran and Sunnah. According to a hadith narrated by Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, some of the names of God have also been hidden from mankind.[3]
Origin[]
According to Islamic tradition,[4] Muhammad is said to have invoked God by a number of names. The most common hadith used to cite the 99 names is considered weak, though there are less commonly cited hadith which are considered authentic and also support the same point.[5] A widely accepted hadith in Sahih Muslim states:
- "Abu Hurairah reported Allah's Messenger [Muhammad] (may peace be upon him) as saying: "There are ninety-nine names of Allah; he who commits them to memory would get into Paradise. Verily, Allah is Odd (He is one and it is an odd number) and He loves odd numbers. And in the narration of Ibn 'Umar [the words are]: "He who enumerated them"." "
- ―Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri
Over time, it became custom to recite a list of 99 names, compiled by al-Walid ibn Muslim, as an addendum to the hadith. In 2005, Mahmoud Abdel-Razek compiled an alternative list, endorsing only 69 from the al-Walid list.[7]
The Quran refers to the names of God as God's "most beautiful Names" (al-ʾasmāʾ al-ḥusnā).[8] According to Gerhard Böwering:
- "They are traditionally enumerated as 99 in number to which is added as the highest Name (al-ism al-ʾaʿẓam), the Supreme Name of God: Allāh. The locus classicus for listing the Divine Names in the literature of Qurʾānic commentary is 17:110, “Call upon God, or call upon The Merciful; whichsoever you call upon, to Him belong the most beautiful Names,” and also 59:22-24, which includes a cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets."
- ―{{{2}}}
Mystic philosopher Ibn Arabi surmised that the 99 names are outward signs of the universe's inner mysteries.[5][9]
Most, though not all, of the 99 names appear in the Quran with a smaller number appearing exclusively in the hadith.[5][9][10][11] The total number of all names in both the Quran and the hadith actually add up to more than 99,[9][12][13] though only 99 are supposedly those which are referred to in the hadith as the exclusion of others.
Lists of names[]
There isn't universal agreement among Muslims as to what exactly counts as a name and what does not. Additionally, while some names are only in the Quran, and others are only in the hadith, there are some names which appear in both. Different sources give different lists of the 99 names.[5][9]
This section includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, see Wikipedia Media help. |
Arabic | Transliteration | Translationa | Usage | Type of referenceb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Template:Large | Ar-Raḥmān | The Exceedingly Compassionate, The Exceedingly Beneficent, The Exceedingly Gracious (to all of humanity and all creatures) | Ar-Raḥmān Beginning of every Surah (chapter) except one, and numerous other places. The first verse ('ayat) of Surah ar-Rahman (Surah 55) consists only of this Name. | D |
2 | Template:Large | Ar-Raḥīm | The Exceedingly Merciful | Ar-Raḥīm Beginning of every Surah (chapter) except one, and numerous other places (there are a total of 114 Surahs in the Quran.) | D |
3 | Template:Large | Al-Malik | The King, The Sovereign | Al-Malik, 59:23, 20:114, 23:116 | D |
4 | Template:Large | Al-Quddūs | The Holy, The Divine, The Pure, The Purifier | Al-Quddūs, 59:23, 62:1 | D |
5 | Template:Large | As-Salām | The Peace, The Source of Peace and Safety | As-Salām, 59:23 | D |
6 | Template:Large | Al-Muʾmin | The granter of security | Al-Muʾmin, 59:23 | D |
7 | Template:Large | Al-Muhaymin | The Controller | Al-Muhaymin, 59:23 | D |
8 | Template:Large | Al-ʿAzīz | The Almighty, The Invulnerable, The Honorable | Al-ʿAzīz, 3:6, 4:158, 9:40, 48:7, 59:23 | D |
9 | Template:Large | Al-Jabbār | The Irresistible, The Compeller | Al-Jabbār, 59:23 | D |
10 | Template:Large | Al-Mutakabbir | The Majestic, The Supreme | Al-Mutakabbir, 59:23 | D |
11 | Template:Large | Al-Khāliq | The Creator | Al-Khāliq, 6:102, 13:16,[14] 36:81, 39:62, 40:62, 59:24 | D |
12 | Template:Large | Al-Bāriʾ | The Evolver, The Maker | Al-Bāriʾ, 59:24 | D |
13 | Template:Large | Al-Muṣawwir | The Fashioner, The Shaper, The Designer | Al-Muṣawwir, 59:24 | D |
14 | Template:Large | Al-Ghaffār | The Repeatedly Forgiving | Al-Ghaffār, 20:82, 38:66, 39:5, 40:42, 71:10 | D |
15 | Template:Large | Al-Qahhār | The Subduer | Al-Qahhār, 12:39, 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4, 40:16 | D |
16 | Template:Large | Al-Wahhāb | The Bestower | Al-Wahhāb, 3:18, 38:9, 38:35 | D |
17 | Template:Large | Ar-Razzāq | The Provider | Ar-Razzāq, 51:58 | D |
18 | Template:Large | Al-Fattāḥ | The Opener, The Victory Giver | Al-Fattāḥ, 34:26 | D |
19 | Template:Large | Al-ʿAlīm | The All-Knowing, Omniscient | Al-ʿAlīm, 2:158, 3:92, 4:35, 24:41, 33:40 | D |
20 | Template:Large | Al-Qābiḍ | The Restrainer, The Straightener | Al-Qābiḍ, 2:245 | V |
21 | Template:Large | Al-Bāsiṭ | The Extender / Expander | Al-Bāsiṭ, 2:245 | V |
22 | Template:Large | Al-Khāfiḍ | The Abaser, The Humiliator, The Downgrader | Al-Khāfiḍ, 56:3, see al-Kafʿamī[15] | O |
23 | Template:Large | Ar-Rāfiʿ | The Exalter, The Upgrader | Ar-Rāfiʿ, 58:11, 6:83 | V |
24 | Template:Large | Al-Muʿizz | The Giver of Honor | Al-Muʿizz, 3:26 | V |
25 | Template:Large | Al-Muzill | The Giver of Dishonor | Al-Muzill, 3:26 | V |
26 | Template:Large | As-Samīʿ | The All-Hearing | As-Samīʿ, 2:127, 2:256, 8:17, 49:1 | D |
27 | Template:Large | Al-Baṣīr | The All-Seeing | Al-Baṣīr, 4:58, 17:1, 42:11, 42:27 | D |
28 | Template:Large | Al-Ḥakam | The Judge, The Arbitrator | Al-Ḥakam, 22:69 | V |
29 | Template:Large | Al-ʿAdl | The Utterly Just | Al-ʿAdl, 6:115, See al-Kafʿamī[16] | |
30 | Template:Large | Al-Laṭīf | The Gentle, The Subtly Kind | Al-Laṭīf, 6:103, 22:63, 31:16, 33:34 | D |
31 | Template:Large | Al-Khabīr | The All-Aware | Al-Khabīr, 6:18, 17:30, 49:13, 59:18 | D |
32 | Template:Large | Al-Ḥalīm | The Forbearing, The Indulgent | Al-Ḥalīm, 2:235, 17:44, 22:59, 35:41 | A |
33 | Template:Large | Al-ʿAẓīm | The Magnificent | Al-ʿAẓīm, 2:255, 42:4, 56:96 | D |
34 | Template:Large | Al-Ghafūr | The Much-Forgiving | Al-Ghafūr, 2:173, 8:69, 16:110, 41:32 | D |
35 | Template:Large | Ash-Shakūr | The Grateful | Ash-Shakūr, 35:30, 35:34, 42:23, 64:17 | A |
36 | Template:Large | Al-ʿAlī | The Sublime | Al-ʿAlī, 4:34, 31:30, 42:4, 42:51 34:23 | D |
37 | Template:Large | Al-Kabīr | The Great | Al-Kabīr, 13:9, 22:62, 13:30, 34:23 | D |
38 | Template:Large | Al-Ḥafīẓ | The Preserver | Al-Ḥafīẓ, 11:57, 34:21, 42:6 | A |
39 | Template:Large | Al-Muqīt | The Nourisher | Al-Muqīt, 4:85 | I |
40 | Template:Large | Al-Ḥasīb | The Bringer of Judgment | Al-Ḥasīb, 4:6, 4:86, 33:39 | I |
41 | Template:Large | Al-Jalīl | The Majestic | Al-Jalīl, 55:27, 7:143 | A, V |
42 | Template:Large | Al-Karīm | The Bountiful, The Generous | Al-Karīm, 27:40, 82:6 | D |
43 | Template:Large | Ar-Raqīb | The Watchful | Ar-Raqīb, 4:1, 5:117 | D |
44 | Template:Large | Al-Mujīb | The Responsive, The Answerer | Al-Mujīb, 11:61 | A |
45 | Template:Large | Al-Wāsiʿ | The Vast, The All-Embracing, The Omnipresent, The Boundless | Al-Wāsiʿ, 2:268, 3:73, 5:54 | A |
46 | Template:Large | Al-Ḥakīm | The All-Wise | Al-Ḥakīm, 31:27, 46:2, 57:1, 66:2 | D |
47 | Template:Large | Al-Wadūd | The Loving | Al-Wadūd, 11:90, 85:14 | D |
48 | Template:Large | Al-Majīd | The All-Glorious, The Majestic | Al-Majīd, 11:73 | A |
49 | Template:Large | Al-Bāʿith | The Resurrector | Al-Bāʿith, 22:7 | V |
50 | Template:Large | Ash-Shahīd | The Witness | Ash-Shahīd, 4:166, 22:17, 41:53, 48:28 | A |
51 | Template:Large | Al-Ḥaqq | The Truth, The Reality | Al-Ḥaqq, 6:62, 22:6, 23:116, 24:25 | D |
52 | Template:Large | Al-Wakīl | The Trustee, The Dependable, The Advocate | Al-Wakīl, 3:173, 4:171, 28:28, 73:9 | A |
53 | Template:Large | Al-Qawiy | The Strong | Al-Qawiy, 22:40, 22:74, 42:19, 57:25 | D |
54 | Template:Large | Al-Matīn | The Firm, The Steadfast | Al-Matīn, 51:58 | D |
55 | Template:Large | Al-Walī | The Friend, Patron and Helper | Al-Walī, 4:45, 7:196, 42:28, 45:19 | D |
56 | Template:Large | Al-Ḥamīd | The All Praiseworthy | Al-Ḥamīd, 14:8, 31:12, 31:26, 41:42 | D |
57 | Template:Large | Al-Muḥsee | The Accounter, The Numberer of All | Al-Muḥṣī, 72:28, 78:29 | V |
58 | Template:Large | Al-Mubdiʾ | The Originator, The Producer, The Initiator | Al-Mubdiʾ, 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13 | V |
59 | Template:Large | Al-Muʿīd | The Restorer, The Reinstater Who Brings Back All | Al-Muʿīd, 10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13 | V |
60 | Template:Large | Al-Muḥyī | The Giver of Life | Al-Muḥyī, 7:158, 15:23, 30:50, 57:2 | V |
61 | Template:Large | Al-Mumīt | The Bringer of Death | Al-Mumīt, 3:156, 7:158, 15:23, 57:2 | V |
62 | Template:Large | Al-Ḥayy | The Living | Al-Ḥayy, 2:255, 3:2, 20:111, 25:58, 40:65 | D |
63 | Template:Large | Al-Qayyūm | The Subsisting, The Independent | Al-Qayyūm, 2:255, 3:2, 20:111 | D |
64 | Template:Large | Al-Wājid | The Perceiver, The Finder, The Unfailing | Al-Wājid, 38:44 | V |
65 | Template:Large | Al-Mājid | The Illustrious, The Magnificent | Al-Mājid, 85:15, 11:73, see al-Kafʿamī[17] | A |
66 | Template:Large | Al-Wāḥid | The Unique, The Single | Al-Wāḥid, 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4 | D |
68 | Template:Large | Aṣ-Ṣamad | The Eternal, The Absolute, The Self-Sufficient | Aṣ-Ṣamad, 112:2 | D |
69 | Template:Large | Al-Qādir | The All-Powerful, He Who is able to do Everything | Al-Qādir, 6:65, 46:33, 75:40 | D |
70 | Template:Large | Al-Muqtadir | The Determiner, The Dominant | Al-Muqtadir, 18:45, 54:42, 6:65 | A |
71 | Template:Large | Al-Muqaddim | The Expediter, He Who Brings Forward | Al-Muqaddim, 16:61 | V |
72 | Template:Large | Al-Muʾakhkhir | The Delayer, He Who Puts Far Away | Al-Muʾakhkhir, 71:4 | V |
73 | Template:Large | Al-ʾAwwal | The First, The Beginning-less | Al-ʾAwwal, 57:3 | D |
74 | Template:Large | Al-ʾAkhir | The Last, The Endless | Al-ʾAkhir, 57:3 | D |
75 | Template:Large | Aẓ-Ẓāhir | The Manifest, The Evident, The Outer | Aẓ-Ẓāhir, 57:3 | D |
76 | Template:Large | Al-Bāṭin | The Hidden, The Unmanifest, The Inner | Al-Bāṭin, 57:3 | D |
77 | Template:Large | Al-Wālī | The Patron, The Protecting Friend, The Friendly Lord | Al-Wālī, 13:11 | I |
78 | Template:Large | Al-Mutaʿālī | The Supremely Exalted, The Most High | Al-Mutaʿālī, 13:9 | D |
79 | Template:Large | Al-Barr | The Good, The Beneficent | Al-Barr, 52:28 | D |
80 | Template:Large | At-Tawwāb | The Ever-Returning, Ever-Relenting | At-Tawwāb, 2:128, 4:64, 49:12, 110:3 | D |
81 | Template:Large | Al-Muntaqim | The Avenger | Al-Muntaqim, 32:22, 43:41, 44:16 | P |
82 | Template:Large | Al-ʿAfū | The Pardoner, The Effacer, The Forgiver | Al-ʿAfū, 4:43, 4:99, 4:149, 22:60, 58:2 | V, I |
83 | Template:Large | Ar-Raʾūf | The Kind, The Pitying | Ar-Raʾūf,3:30, 9:117, 57:9, 59:10 | I |
84 | Template:Large | Mālik-ul-Mulk | Owner of all Sovereignty | Mālik-ul-Mulk, 3:26 | D |
85 | Template:Longitem | Template:Longitem | Lord of Majesty and Generosity | Dhū-l-Jalāli-wa-l-ʾikrām, 55:27, 55:78 | D |
86 | Template:Large | Al-Muqsiṭ | The Equitable, The Requiter | Al-Muqsiṭ,7:29, 3:18, See al-Kafʿamī[18] | O |
87 | Template:Large | Al-Jāmiʿ | The Gatherer, The Unifier | Al-Jāmiʿ, 3:9 | I |
88 | Template:Large | Al-Ghanī | The Rich, The Independent | Al-Ghanī,3:97, 39:7, 47:38, 57:24 | I, A, D |
89 | Template:Large | Al-Mughnī | The Enricher, The Emancipator | Al-Mughnī, 9:28 | V |
90 | Template:Large | Al-Māniʿ | The Withholder, The Shielder, The Defender | Al-Māniʿ, See al-Kafʿamī[19] | |
91 | Template:Large | Aḍ-Ḍārr | The Distressor, The Harmer, The Afflictor | Aḍ-Ḍārr, 6:17, see al-Kafʿamī[20] | |
92 | Template:Large | An-Nāfiʿ | The Propitious, The Benefactor, The Source of Good | An-Nāfiʿ, 30:37, see al-Kafʿamī[20] | |
93 | Template:Large | An-Nūr | The Light | An-Nūr, 24:35 | I |
94 | Template:Large | Al-Hādī | The Guide, The Way | Al-Hādī, 22:54 | I |
95 | Template:Large | Al-Badīʿ | The Incomparable, The Unattainable, The Beautiful | Al-Badīʿ, 2:117, 6:101 | I |
96 | Template:Large | Al-Bāqī | The Immutable, The Infinite, The Everlasting | Al-Bāqī, 55:27, see al-Kafʿamī[21] | V |
97 | Template:Large | Al-Wārith | The Heir, The Inheritor of All | Al-Wārith, 15:23, 57:10 | P |
98 | Template:Large | Ar-Rashīd | The Guide to the Right Path | Ar-Rashīd, 2:256, 72:10, see al-Kafʿamī[21] | |
99 | Template:Large | Aṣ-Ṣabūr | The Timeless, The Patient | Aṣ-Ṣabūr, 2:153, 3:200, 103:3 | I |
a Can vary based on context. b D = Direct; V = from Verb; A = from Adjective or Adjectival Phrase; I = from Indefinite noun; P = from Plural noun; O = Other |
The Greatest Name[]
The 99 names point to the inherent unity of the all-embracing Greatest Name (Ismi Azam).[22] In Islamic traditions, it is stated "The Greatest Name of Allah is the one which if He [Allah] is called (prayed to) by it, He will Answer."[23]Personal names[]
According to Islamic tradition,[24] a Muslim may not be given any of the 99 names of God in exactly the same form. For example, nobody may be named al-Malik (The King), but may be named Malik (King). This is because of the belief that God is almighty, and no human being is the equivalent of God, and no human being will ever be the equivalent of God. Muslims are allowed to use the 99 names of God for themselves but should not put 'Al' at the front of them.[25]
However the names of God can be combined with the word "‘Abd-" which means "servant/Worshiper" (of God) and are commonly used as personal names among Muslims. For example, ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ("Servant of the Most Compassionate/the Beneficent"). The two parts of the name may be written separately (as above) or combined as one transliterated name; in such a case, the vowel transcribed after ‘Abd is often written as u when the two words are transcribed as one: e.g., Abdurrahman, Abdul'aziz, "Abdul Jabbar", or even Abdullah ("Servant of God"). (This has to do with Arabic case vowels, the final u vowel showing the normal "quote" nominative/vocative case form: ‘abd-u.)
Some Muslim people have names resembling those 99. Examples include:
- Rahmaan, such as Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais.
- Salaam, such as Salam Fayyad.
- Jabbaar, such as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.
- Hakeem, such as Sherman "Abdul Hakim" Jackson.
- Ra'oof, such as Ra'ouf Mus'ad.
- Malik, such as Nuri al-Maliki.
- Abdul Muqtedar as in M. A. Muqtedar Khan.
Views of other religions[]
Bábí and Bahá'í view[]
Bahá'í sources state that the 100th name was revealed as "Bahá’" (an Arabic word بهاء meaning "glory, splendor" etc.), which is the root word for Bahá'u'lláh and Bahá'í. They also believe that it is the 'Greatest Name'.[26][27] The Báb wrote a noted pentagram-shaped tablet with 360 derivatives of the word "Bahá'" used in it.[26]
According to Bahá'í scholar ‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávari, Baha' ad-Din al-`Amili adopted the pen name (takhallus) 'Baha' after being inspired by words of Shi'a Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (the fifth Imam) and Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (the sixth Imam), who had stated that the Greatest Name of God was included in either Du'ay-i-Sahar or A`amaal Ummi Dawud.[26] In the first verse of the Du'ay-i-Sahar, a dawn prayer for Ramadan, the name "Bahá" appears four times: "Allahumma inni as 'aluka min Bahá' ika bi Abháh va kulla Bahá' ika Bahí".[28]
See also[]
- Names of God
- Basmala
- List of Arabic theophoric names
- Sahasranama, the Hindu lists of 1000 names of various divinities.
- The 99, a comic book based on the 99 names of God in Islam.
- The Nine Billion Names of God, a short story by Arthur C. Clarke.
Notes[]
- ↑ Fleming, Marrianne; Worden, David (2004). Religious Studies for AQA; Thinking About God and Morality. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. ISBN 0-435-30713-4.
- ↑ Abdullah Saeed, The Qur'an: An Introduction, pg. 63. London: Routledge, 2008. ISBN 9781134102945
- ↑ Taymiyya, Ibn. The Goodly Word: al-Kalim al-Ṭayyib. Islamic Texts Society. p. 72. ISBN 1-903682-15-0.
- ↑ Ibn Majah, Book of Du`a; Imam Malik, Muwatta', Kitab al-Shi`r.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Diane Morgan, Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice, pg. 10. Santa Barbara, California Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2010. ISBN 9780313360251
- ↑ Template:Hadith-usc
- ↑ Mahmoud Abdul Razek Al Radwany, "Of the 99 Names Of Allah That We Repeat: Only 69 Are Authentic" published in the Egyptian daily, Al Ahram, on Nov 18, 2005. His objections are mostly grammatical in that a 'name' in Arabic must be a noun: "only 69 of those Names are authenticated from the Quran and Sunnah, while 29 are not authentic in that 22 are verbs or adjectives, and 7 are 'modafa' or 'added to.'" Islamic Forum
- ↑ See the suras "Al-A'raf" (7:180), "Al-Isra" (17:110), "Ta-Ha" (20:8) and "Al-Hashr" (59:24).
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Malcolm Clark, Islam For Dummies. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. ISBN 9781118053966
- ↑ Martin Parsons, Unveiling God, pg. 206. William Carey Library, 2005. ISBN 9780878084548
- ↑ Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, pg. 515. Infobase Publishing, 2009. ISBN 9781438126968
- ↑ Susanne Enderwitz, "The 99: Islamic Superheroes - A New Species." Taken from Transcultural Turbulences: Towards a Multi-Sited Reading of Image Flows, pgs. 84-85. Springer, 2011. ISBN 9783642183935
- ↑ The 99 names of Allah; the ‘Most Beautiful Names’ at BBC Online. Accessed 8 April 2014.
- ↑ "Al-Quran (القرآن) :: Online Quran Project :: Translation and Tafsir". http://al-quran.info/#36:81.
- ↑ al-Kafʿamī, ʾIbrahīm bin ʿAlī (1436-1500 CE). al-Maqām al-asnā fī tafsīr al-asmāʼ al-ḥusnā. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī (1992). page 38. (WorldCat listing)
- ↑ al-Kafʿamī, ʾIbrahīm bin ʿAlī (1436-1500 CE). al-Maqām al-asnā fī tafsīr al-asmāʼ al-ḥusnā. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī (1992). page 40. (WorldCat listing)
- ↑ al-Kafʿamī, ʾIbrahīm bin ʿAlī (1436-1500 CE). al-Maqām al-asnā fī tafsīr al-asmāʼ al-ḥusnā. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī (1992). page 48. (WorldCat listing)
- ↑ al-Kafʿamī, ʾIbrahīm bin ʿAlī (1436-1500 CE). al-Maqām al-asnā fī tafsīr al-asmāʼ al-ḥusnā. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī (1992). pages 58-59. (WorldCat listing)
- ↑ al-Kafʿamī, ʾIbrahīm bin ʿAlī (1436-1500 CE). al-Maqām al-asnā fī tafsīr al-asmāʼ al-ḥusnā. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī (1992). page 61. (WorldCat listing)
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 al-Kafʿamī, ʾIbrahīm bin ʿAlī (1436-1500 CE). al-Maqām al-asnā fī tafsīr al-asmāʼ al-ḥusnā. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī (1992). page 58. (WorldCat listing)
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 al-Kafʿamī, ʾIbrahīm bin ʿAlī (1436-1500 CE). al-Maqām al-asnā fī tafsīr al-asmāʼ al-ḥusnā. Beirut: Dār al-Hādī (1992). page 64. (WorldCat listing)
- ↑ Schimmel, Annemarie (1993). The Mystery of Numbers. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 271. ISBN 0-19-508919-7. http://books.google.com/?id=lBIZ9PRZvPIC&pg=PA271.
- ↑ Momen, Moojan (2000). Islam and the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 241. ISBN 0-85398-446-8. The endnote states: "Ibn Májah, Sunan, 34. (Kitáb ad-Du'á), ch. 9, no. 3856, vol. 2, p. 1267. See also: Ad-Dárimí, Sunan, 23 (Fada'il al-Qur'án), ch. 15, no. 3296, vol. 2, pp. 324-5. Similar statements in Shi'i Traditions include: Majlisí, Bihár al-Anwár, vol. 26. p. 7."
- ↑ Islam-QA website Are there any names which it is forbidden to use? If so, what are they?
- ↑ [1][dead link]
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Lambden, Stephen (1993). "The Word Bahá': Quintessence of the Greatest Name". Bahá'í Studies Review 3 (1). http://bahai-library.com/lambden_quintessence_greatest_name.
- ↑ Smith, Peter (2000). "greatest name". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 167–8. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
- ↑ Khadem, Dhikru'llah (March 1976). "Bahá'u'lláh and His Most Holy Shrine". Bahá'í News (540): 4–5. http://www.teachingandprojects.com/meansandmaterials.htm.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Names of God in Islam |
- 99namesallah.org, containing 99 names of God with complete reference to the Holy Quran (also pdf, powerpoint format).
- Al-Rahman al-Rahim. Problems of Interpretation and Translation
- The Beautiful Names of Allah, containing the derivation and meanings of the 99 names. Also has audio of someone saying each one.
- 99 Names of Allah, a more concise account of the attributes of God.
- The Most Beautiful Names of Allah. Lists the names in English as well as Arabic and the verses in which they are found in the Quran.
- Oil paintings of all the 99 names of Allah.
- (French) Exegesis of Names Of Allah
- (Arabic) al-Maqām al-asnā fī tafsīr al-asmāʼ al-ḥusnā
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